PAPERS AVAILABLE FROM
THE LIFE HISTORY STUDIES PROGRAM
(Latest update 1-20-06)
FOR COPIES WRITE TO: Rolf Loeber or Magda Stouthamer-Loeber
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
E-mail: loeberr@msx.upmc.edu
stouthamerloeberm@msx.upmc.edu
Note: Click full text link to view articles.
Full text of publications sponsored by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention can be found on http://www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org.
Books (the books are available from the publisher only)
Stouthamer-Loeber, M. & Van Kammen, W. B. (1995). Data Collection and Management: A Practical Guide. Newbury Park, CA.: Sage.
Loeber, R., Farrington, D. P., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Van Kammen, W. B. (1998). Antisocial Behavior and Mental Health Problems: Explanatory Factors in Childhood and Adolescence. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Loeber, R., & Farrington, D. P. (Eds.) (1998), Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Loeber, R. and Farrington, D. P. (Eds.) (2001). Child Delinquents: Development, Intervention and Service Needs. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Loeber, R., Slot, N. W., & Sergeant, J. (Eds.) (2001). Ernstige en Gewelddadige Jeugdcriminaliteit: Omvang, Oorzaken, en Interventies [Serious and Violent Juvenile Delinquency in the Netherlands: Prevalence, Causes, and Interventions]. Houten/Diegem, Netherlands: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghem.
Ge1. Loeber, R., Farrington, D. P., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (1998). The development of male offending: Key findings from the first decade of the Pittsburgh Youth Study. Studies in Crime and Crime Prevention, 7, 141-172. Republished in R. Bull (Ed.) (2001), Children and the law. The essential readings (pp. 336-380). Oxford: Blackwell. To be republished in Kindheit und Entwicklung, Zeitschrift für Klinische Kinderpsychologie. fulltext
Ge2. Browning, K., & Loeber, R. (Feb., 1999). Highlights of findings from the Pittsburgh Youth Study. OJJDP Fact Sheet, No. 95. fulltext
Ge3. Browning, K., Huizinga, D., Loeber, R., & Thornberry, T. P. (1999, April). Causes and Correlates of Delinquency Program. OJJDP Fact Sheet. fulltext
Ge4. Loeber, R., Green, S. M., Lahey, B. B., Frick, P. J., & McBurnett, K. (2000). Findings on disruptive behavior disorders from the first decade of the Developmental Trends Study. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 3, 37-60.
Ge5. Loeber, R., Farrington, D. P., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., White, H. R., Wei, E. H., & Beyers, J. M. (2003). The development of male offending: Key findings from fourteen years of the Pittsburgh Youth Study. In T. Thornberry & M. Krohn (Eds.), Taking stock of delinquency: An overview of findings from contemporary longitudinal studies (pp. 93-136). New York: Kluwer/Plenum.
Ge6. Loeber, R., Farrington, D. P., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., & Lynam, D. (2001). Male mental health problems, psychopathy and personality traits: Key findings from the first 14 years of the Pittsburgh Youth Study. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 4, 273-297.
Ge7. Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Farrington, D. P., Lahey, B. B., Keenan, K., & White, H. R. (2002). Editorial Introduction: Three Longitudinal Studies of Children’s Development in Pittsburgh: the Developmental Trends Study, the Pittsburgh Youth Study, and the Pittsburgh Girls Study. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 12, 1-23. fulltext
Ge8. Thornberry, T. P., Huizinga, D., & Loeber, R. (2004). The Causes and Correlates Studies: Findings and policy implications. Journal of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 9(1), 3-19. fulltext
Please note that the following papers are listed in only one category, even though they may fit under several topics.
Ac1. Frick, P. J., Kamphaus, R. W., Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Christ, M. A., Hart, E. L., & Tannenbaum, L. E. (1991). Academic underachievement and the disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 289-294.
Ac2. Maguin, E., Loeber, R., & LeMahieu, P. (1993). Does the relationship between poor reading and delinquency hold for different age and ethnic groups? Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 1, 88-100. fulltext
Ac3. Lynam, D., Moffitt, T., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1993). Explaining the relation between IQ and delinquency: Class, race, text motivation, school failure or self-control? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 187-196.
Ac4. Maguin, E. & Loeber, R. (1996). Academic performance and delinquency. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and Justice (Vol. 20, pp. 145-264). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ac5. Maguin, E. & Loeber, R. (1996). Academic performance and its relationship to delinquency. In S. C. Cramer & W. Ellis (Eds)., Learning Disabilities: Lifelong Issues. (pp. 235-240). Baltimore MD: Paul H. Brooks.
Ac6. Maguin, E., & Loeber, R. (1996). How well do ratings of academic performance by mothers and their sons correspond to grades, achievement test scores, and teachers' ratings? Journal of Behavioral Education, 6, 405-425.
Ac7. Maughan, B., Rowe, R., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2003). Reading problems and depressed mood. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 219-229.
Antisocial Personality Disorder and Psychopathy.
APD1. Loeber, R., Burke, J. D., & Lahey, B. B. (2002). What are adolescent antecedents to Antisocial Personality Disorder? Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 12, 24-36. fulltext
APD2. Loeber, R., Green, S. M., and Lahey, B. B. (2003). Risk factors for antisocial personality. In J. Coid & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Early prevention of adult antisocial behaviour (pp. 79-108). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
APD3. Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Burke, J. D., & Applegate, B. (2005). Predicting future antisocial personality disorder in males from a clinical assessment in childhood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 389-399.
Ax1. Pruis, A., Lahey, B. B., Thyer, B. A., Christ, M. A. G., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1990). Separation anxiety disorder and overanxious disorder: How do they differ? Phobia Practice and Research Journal, 3, 51-59.
Ax2. Walker, J. L., Lahey, B. B., Russo, M. F., Frick, P. J., Christ, M. A., McBurnett, K., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Green, S. (1991). Anxiety, inhibition, and conduct disorder in children: I. Relations to social impairment and sensation seeking. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 187-191. fulltext
Ax3. Loeber, R., Russo, M. F., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Lahey, B. B. (1994). Internalizing problems and their relation to the development of disruptive behaviors in adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 4, 615-637. Reprinted in G. A. Adams (Ed.) (2000), Adolescent development. The essential readings (275-298). Oxford: Blackwell. fulltext
Ax4. Angold, A., Erklani, A., Loeber, R., Costello, E. J., Van Kammen, W., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1996). Disappearing depression in a population sample of boys. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 4, 95-104. fulltext
BF1. McBurnett, K., Lahey, B. B., Frick, P. J., Risch, C., Loeber, R., Hart, E. L., Christ, M. A. G., & Hanson, K. S. (1991). Anxiety, inhibition, and conduct disorder in children: II. Relation to salivary cortisol. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 197-201. fulltext
BF2. Lahey, B. B., McBurnett, K., Loeber, R., & Hart, E. L. (1995). Psychobiology of conduct disorder. In G. P. Sholevar (Ed.), Conduct disorders in children and adolescents: Assessments and interventions (pp. 27-44). Washington, D. C.: American Psychiatric Press. fulltext
BF3. Hart, E. L., Lahey, B. B., Hynd, G. W., Loeber, R., & McBurnett, K. (1995). Association of chronic overanxious disorder with atopic rhinitis in boys: A four year longitudinal study. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 24, 332-337.
BF4. Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Hewitt, J., Silberg, J., Rutter, M., Loeber, R., Meyer, J., Neale, M., and Eaves, L. (1995). Multiple raters of disruptive child behavior: using a genetic strategy to examine shared views and bias. Behavioral Genetics, 25, 311-326.
BF5. Silberg, J., Rutter, M., Meyer, J., Simonoff, E., Hewitt, J., Loeber, R.. Pickles, A., Maes, H., & Eaves, L. J. (1996). Comorbidity among symptoms of hyperactivity and conduct problems in male and female juvenile twins. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 37, 803-816.
BF6. McBurnett, K., Lahey, B. B., Capasso, L. & Loeber, R. (1996). Aggressive symptoms and salivary cortisol in clinic-referred boys with conduct disorder. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 794, 169-179. fulltext
BF7. Silberg, J., Meyer, J., Rutter, M., Simonoff, E., Hewitt, J., Loeber, R., Pickles, A., Maes, H., & Eaves, L. (1996). Genetic and environmental influences on the covariation between hyperactivity and conduct disturbance in juvenile twins. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 37, 803-816. fulltext
BF8. Wakschlag, L. S., Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Green, S. M., Gordon, R. A., & Leventhal, B. L. (1997). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of conduct disorder in boys. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 670-676.
BF9. Eaves, L., Silberg, J. L., Meyer, J. M., Maes, H. H., Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Rutter, M., Neale, M. C., Reynolds, C. A., Erikson, M. T., Heath, A. C., Loeber, R., Truett, K. R., & Hewitt, J. K. (1997). Genetics and developmental psychopathology: 2. The main effects of genes and environment on behavioral problems in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 38, 965-980. fulltext
BF10. Hewitt, J. K., Silberg, J. L., Rutter, M., Simonoff, E., Meyer, J. M., Maes, H., Pickles, A., Neale, M. C., Loeber, R., Erickson, M. T., Kendler, K. S., Heath, A. C., Truett, K. R., Reynolds, C. A., & Eaves, L. J. (1997). Genetics and developmental psychopathology: 1. Phenotypic assessment in The Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 943-963. fulltext
BF11. Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Meyer, J. M., Silberg, J. L., Maes, H. H., Loeber, R., Rutter, M., Hewitt, J. K., & Eaves, L. J. (1997). The Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development: Influences of age, gender and impairment on rates of disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 801-808.
BF12. McBurnett, K., Pfiffner, L. J., Capasso, L., Lahey, B. B., and Loeber, R. (1997). Children's aggression and DSM-II-R symptoms predicted by parent psychopathy, parenting practices, cortisol, and SES. In A. Raine, P. A. Brennan, D. P. Farrington, & S. A. Mednick (Eds.), Biosocial bases of violence (pp. 345-348). New York: Plenum.
BF13. McBurnett, K., Lahey, B. B., Rathouz, P. J., & Loeber, R. (2000), Low salivary cortisol and persistent aggression in boys referred for disruptive behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 38-43. fulltext
BF14. Gatzke-Kopp, L. M., Raine, A., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Steinhauer, S. (2002). Serious delinquent behavior, sensation-seeking and electrodermal arousal. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 477-486.
BF15. Wakschlag, L. S., Pickett, K. E., & Loeber, R. (in press). Is maternal smoking during pregnancy associated with a developmental pattern of conduct problems in young boys? American Journal of Psychiatry.
BF16. Raine, A., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Lynam, D. (in press). Neurocognitive impairments in boys on the life-course persistent antisocial path. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 38-49.
BF17. McBurnett, K., Lahey, B. B., Raine, A., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Loeber, R., Kumar, A., Kumar, M., Moffitt, T., & Caspi, A. (2005). Mood and hormone responses to psychological challenge in adolescent males with conduct problems. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1109-1116. fulltext
BF18. Fung, M. T., Raine, A., Loeber, R., Lynam, D. R., Steinhauer, S. R., Venables, P. H., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2005). Reduced electrodermal activity in psychopathy-prone adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 187-196.
CA1. Reid, J. B., Patterson, G. R., & Loeber, R. (1982). The abused child: Victim, instigator, or innocent bystander? In D. J. Bernstein & H. E. Howe (Eds.), Proceedings of the Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Response structure and organization. University of Nebraska Press.
CA2. Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Loeber, R., Homish, D. L., & Wei, E. (2001). Maltreatment of boys and the development of disruptive and delinquent behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 941-955.
CA3. Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Wei, E., Homish, D. L., & Loeber, R. (2002). Which family and demographic factors are related to both maltreatment and persistent serious delinquency? Children Services: Social Policy, Research, and Practice, 5, 261-272. fulltext
Cd 1. Loeber, R., & Farrington, D. P. (2000). Young children who commit crime: epidemiology, developmental origins, risk factors, early interventions, and policy implications. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 737-762.
Cd 2. Loeber, R., Farrington, D. P., & Petechuk, D. (May, 2003). Child delinquency: Early intervention and prevention. Child Delinquency Bulletin Series. Washington DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. fulltext
Cd 3. Snyder, H. N., Espiritu, R. C., Huizinga, D., Loeber, R., & Petechuk, D. (March 2003). Epidemiology and development of child delinquency. Child Delinquency Bulletin Series. Washington DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. fulltext
Cd 4. Wasserman, G. A., Keenan, K., Tremblay, R. E., Coie, J., Herrenkohl, T. I., Loeber, R., & Petechuk, D. (April, 2003). Risk and protective factors of child delinquency. Child Delinquency Bulletin Series. Washington DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. fulltext
Cd 5. Burns, B. J., Howell, J. C., Wiig, J. K., Augimeri, L. K., Welsh, B. C., Loeber, R., & Petechuk, D. (March, 2003). Child delinquency intervention and services. Child Delinquency Bulletin Series. Washington DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. fulltext
Comorbidities
COM1.Loeber, R. & Keenan, K. (1994). The interaction between conduct disorder and its comorbid conditions: Effects of age and gender. Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 497-523. fulltext
COM2.Loeber, R., Farrington, D. P., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., and Van Kammen, W. B. (1998). Multiple risk factors for multi-problem boys: Co-occurrence of delinquency, substance use, attention deficit, conduct problems, physical aggression, covert behavior, depressed mood, and shy/withdrawn behavior. In R. Jessor (Ed.). New perspectives on adolescent risk behavior (pp. 90-149). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
COM3. Huizinga, D., Loeber, R., Thornberry, T. P., & Cothern, L. (Nov. 2000). Co-occurrence of serious and violent juvenile offending and other problem behaviors. OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin. fulltext
COM4. Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Burke, J. D., Rathouz, P. J., & McBurnett, K. (2002). Waxing and waning in concert: Dynamic comorbidity of conduct disorder with other disruptive and emotional problems over seven years among clinic-referred boys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 556-567.
COM5. Loeber, R., Delinquency prevention in a mental health context. Utrecht, Netherlands: Trimbos Institute, 2004. fulltext
COM6. Burke, J.D., Loeber, R., Lahey, B.B., & Rathouz, P.J. (2005). Developmental transitions among affective and behavioral disorders in adolescent boys. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46,1200-1210. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. fulltext
Co1. Loeber, R., Brinthaupt, V. P., & Green, S. M. (1990). Attention deficits, impulsivity and hyperactivity with or without conduct problems: Relationship to delinquency and unique contextual factors. In R. J. McMahon & R. Dev. Peters (Eds.), Behavior Disorders of Adolescence: Research, Intervention, and Policy in Clinical and School Settings (pp. 39-61). New York: Plenum.
Co2. White, J. L., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Bartusch, D. J., Needles, D. J., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1994). Measuring impulsivity and examining its relationship to delinquency. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 192-205.
Co3. Keltner, D., Moffitt, T. E., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1995). Facial expression of emotion and psychopathology in adolescent boys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 644-652.
Co4. Farrington, D. P., Loeber, R., Yin, Y., & Anderson, S. (2002). Are within-individual causes of delinquency the same as between-individual causes? Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 12, 53-68. fulltext
Co5. Pardini, D., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2005). Developmental shifts in parent and peer influences on boys’ beliefs about delinquent behaviour. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15, 299-323. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Development of Disruptive Child Behavior/Attention Problems/Hyperactivity and Delinquency
De1. Loeber, R. (1985). Patterns and development of antisocial child behavior. In G. J. Whitehurst (Ed.), Annals of Child Development (Vol. 2, pp. 77-116). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. fulltext
De2. Loeber, R. (1987). The prevalence, correlates, and continuity of serious conduct problems in elementary school children. Criminology, 25, 615-642. fulltext
De3. Loeber, R. (1988). Behavioral precursors and accelerators of delinquency. In W. Buikhuisen & S. A. Mednick (Eds.), Explaining Delinquency (pp. 51-67). Leiden, Holland: Brill. fulltext
De4. Farrington, D. P., Loeber, R., & Van Kammen, W. B. (1990). Long-term criminal outcomes of hyperactivity-impulsivity-attention deficit and conduct problems in childhood. In L. Robins & M. Rutter (Eds.), Straight and Devious Pathways from Childhood to Adulthood (pp. 62-81). New York: Cambridge University Press.
De5. Farrington, D. P., Loeber, R., Elliott, D. S., Hawkins, J. D., Kandel, D. B., Klein, M. W., McCord, J., Rowe, D. C., & Tremblay, R. E. (1990). Advancing knowledge about the onset of delinquency and crime. In B. B. Lahey and A. E. Kazdin (Eds.) Advances in Clinical Child Psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 283-342). New York: Plenum.
De6. Loeber, R. (1990). Development and risk factors of juvenile antisocial behavior and delinquency. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 1-41. fulltext
De7. Loeber, R., & Le Blanc, M. (1990). Toward a developmental criminology. In M. Tonry & N. Morris (Eds.), Crime and Justice (Vol. 12, pp. 375-473). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
De8. Loeber, R., & Snyder, H. N. (1990). Rate of offending in juvenile careers: Findings of constancy and change in lambda. Criminology, 28, 97-109. fulltext
De9. Loeber, R. (1991). Antisocial behavior: More enduring than changeable? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 393-397. fulltext
De10. Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Green, S. M. (1991). Age at onset of problem behavior in boys, and later disruptive and delinquent behavior. Criminal Behavior & Mental Health, 1, 229-246. fulltext
De11. Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Van Kammen, W. B., & Farrington, D. P. (1991). Initiation, escalation and desistance in juvenile offending and their correlates. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 82, 36-82. To be republished in S. Farrall (Ed.), The termination of criminal careers. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. fulltext
De12. Loeber, R. (1992). Viewing emotional problems of children and adolescents from a developmental perspective. In 5th Annual Research Conference Proceedings on A System of Care for Children's Mental Health: Expanding the Research Base, Published by Research & Training Center for Children's Mental Health, Florida Mental Health Institute, Univ. of S. Florida, 53-60. fulltext
De13. Loeber, R., Green, S. M., Lahey, B. B., Christ, M. A. G., & Frick, P. J. (1992). Developmental sequences in the age of onset of disruptive child behaviors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 1, 21-41.
De14. Le Blanc, M. & Loeber, R. (1993). Precursors, causes and the development of criminal offending. In D. F. Hay and A. Angold (Eds.) Precursors and Causes in Development and Psychopathology (pp. 233-263). Chichester, John Wiley & Son, 1993. fulltext
De15. Huizinga, D., Loeber, R. & Thornberry, T. P. (1993). Longitudinal study of delinquency, drug use, sexual activity, and pregnancy among children and youth in three cities. Public Health Reports: Journal of the U.S. Public Health Service, 108, Supplement 1. (pp. 90-96). fulltext
De16. Loeber, R., & Farrington, D. P. (1994). Problems and solutions in longitudinal and experimental treatment studies of child psychopathology and delinquency. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 62, 887-900. Republished as: Longitudinal approaches in epidemiological research on conduct problems. In F. C. Verhulst, & H. M. Koot (Eds.), The Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (pp. 309-336). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Another version: Strategies and yields of longitudinal studies on antisocial behavior, in D. M. Stoff, J. Breiling, & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Handbook of antisocial behavior (pp. 125-139). New York: Wiley, 1997.
De17. Lahey, B. B., & Loeber, R. (1994). Framework for a developmental model of Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder. In K. D. Routh (Ed.), Disruptive behavior disorders in childhood: Essays honoring Herbert C. Quay (pp. 139-180). New York: Plenum.
De18. Loeber, R. & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1996). The development of offending. Criminal Justice and Behavior. 23, 12-24. fulltext
De19. Loeber, R. (1996). Developmental continuity, specialization, and generalization in male juvenile problem behaviors and delinquency. In J. D. Hawkins (Ed.), Delinquency and crime: Current theories (pp. 1-27). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
De20. Zhang, Q., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1997). Developmental trends of delinquency attitudes and delinquency: Replication and synthesis across time and samples. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 13, 181-216.
De21. Farrington, D. P. & Loeber, R. (1999). Transatlantic replicability of risk factors in the development of delinquency. In P. Cohen, C. Slomkowski, & L. N. Robins (Eds.) Historical and geographical influences on psychopathology (pp. 299-329). Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
De22. Le Blanc, M. & Loeber, R. (1998). Developmental criminology updated. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and Justice (Vol. 23, pp. 115-197). Chicago: Chicago University Press.
De23. Lynam, D. (1997). Pursuing the psychopath: Capturing the fledgling psychopath in a nomological net. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106. 425-438.
De24. Lahey, B. B., McBurnett, K., & Loeber, R. (2000). Are Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder developmental precursors to Conduct Disorder? In A. Sameroff, M. Lewis and S. M. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 431-446). New York: Plenum.
De25. Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Quay, H. C., Applegate, B., Shaffer, D., Waldman, I., Hart, E. L., McBurnett, K., Frick, P. J., Jensen, P., Dulcan, M., Canino, G., & Bird, H. (1998). Validity of DSM-IV subtypes of conduct disorder based on age of onset. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 435-442. 1998. fulltext
De26. Loeber, R. & Coie, J. (2001). Continuities and discontinuities of development, with particular emphasis on emotional and cognitive aspects of disruptive behavior. In J. Hill & B. Maughan (Eds.), Conduct disorders in childhood and adolescence (pp. 379-407). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
De27. Tolan, P. H., & Loeber, R. (1993). Antisocial behavior. In P. Tolan & V. Cohler (Eds.), Handbook of clinical research and practice with adolescents (pp. 307-331). New York, Wiley. fulltext
De28. Farrington, D. P., & Loeber, R. (1999). Risk factors for delinquency over time and place. Youth Update, 17(2), 4-5.
De29. Smith, C. A., Krohn, M. D., Lizotte, A. J., McCluskey, C. P., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Weiher, A. (2000). The effect of early delinquency and substance use on precocious transitions to adulthood among adolescent males. In G. L. Fox & M. L. Benson (Eds.), Families, Crime and Criminal Justice (pp. 233-253). Amsterdam: JAI Press. fulltext
De30. Loeber, R. (2001), Interventies bij delinquente jongeren. In H. van Leeuwen, W. Slot, & M. Uijterwijk (Eds.), Antisociaal gedrag bij jeugdigen: Determinanten en interventies (pp. 13-21). Lisse, Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
De31. Burke, J. D., Loeber, R., & Lahey, B. B. (2003). Course and outcomes. In C. Essau (Ed.), Conduct and Oppositional Defiant Disorders: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Treatment (pp. 61-96). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
De32. Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Burke, J., & Rathouz, P. J. (2002). Adolescent outcomes of childhood conduct disorder among boys: predictors of improvement. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 333-349.
De33. Broidy, L. M., Nagin, D. S., Tremblay, R. E., Bates, J. E., Brame, B., Dodge, K., Fergusson, D., Horwood, J., Loeber, R., Laird, R., Lynam, D., Moffitt, T., Petitt, G. S., & Vitaro, F. (2003). Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: A six site, cross national replication. Development and Psychopathology, 39, 222-245.
De34 Kalb, L., & Loeber, R. (2003). Child disobedience and noncompliance: a review. Pediatrics, 111, 641-652. fulltext
De35. Farrington, D. P., & Loeber, R. (2003). Foreword. In B. B. Lahey, T. E. Moffitt & A. Caspi (Eds.), The causes of conduct disorder and juvenile delinquency (pp. ix-x). New York: Guilford Press.
De36. Pardini, D., Obradović, J., & Loeber, R. (2006). Interpersonal callousness, hyperactivity/impulsivity, inattention and conduct problems as precursors to delinquency persistence in boys: A comparison of three grade-based cohorts. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 46-39. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Developmental Pathways
DP1. Loeber, R. (1988). Natural histories of conduct problems, delinquency, and associated substance use: Evidence for developmental progressions. In B. B. Lahey & A. E. Kazdin (Eds.), Advances in Clinical Child Psychology. (Vol. 11, pp. 73-124) New York: Plenum.
DP2. Le Blanc, M. Côté , G., & Loeber, R. (1991). Temporal paths in delinquency: Stability, regression, and progression analyzed with panel data from an adolescent and a delinquent male sample. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 23-44. fulltext
DP3. Loeber, R. (1991). Questions and advances in the study of developmental pathways. In D. Cicchetti & S. Toth (Eds.). Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology: III (pp. 97-115). Rochester, NY: Rochester University Press. fulltext
DP4. Loeber, R., Wung, P., Keenan, K., Giroux, B., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Van Kammen, W. B., & Maughan, B. (1993). Developmental pathways in disruptive child behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 5: 101-132.
DP5. Keenan, K., Loeber, R., Zhang, Q., Stouthamer-Loeber, M. & Van Kammen, W. B. (1995). The influence of deviant peers on the development of boys' disruptive and delinquency behavior: A temporal analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 715-726.
DP6. Loeber, R. & Keenan, K. (1995). Developmental pathways in boys' disruptive and delinquent behavior. Youth Update, 13, 4-5.
DP7. Loeber, R., DeLamatre, M., Keenan, K., & Zhang, Q. (1998). A prospective replication of developmental pathways in disruptive and delinquent behavior. In R. Cairns, L. Bergman, & J. Kagan (Eds.), Methods and models for studying the individual (pp. 185-215). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. fulltext
DP8. Loeber, R., Keenan, K., & Zhang, Q. (1997). Boys' experimentation and persistence in developmental pathways toward serious delinquency. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 6, 321-357.
DP9 Kelley, B. T., Loeber, R., Keenan, K., & DeLamatre, M. (1997). Developmental pathways in disruptive and delinquent behavior. OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin. fulltext
DP10. Loeber, R., Wei, E., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Huizinga, D., & Thornberry, T. P. (1999). Behavioral antecedents to serious and violent juvenile offending: Joint analyses from the Denver Youth Survey, Pittsburgh Youth Study, and the Rochester Youth Development Study. Studies in Crime and Crime Prevention, 8, 245-263. fulltext
DP11. Tolan, P. H., Gorman-Smith, D., & Loeber, R. (2000). Developmental timing of onsets of disruptive behaviors and later delinquency of inner-city youth. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 9, 203-230
Di1. Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Christ, M. A. G., Green, S., Russo, M. F., Frick, P. J., & Dulcan, M. (1990). Comparison of DSM-III and DSM-III-R diagnoses for prepubertal children: Changes in prevalence and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 620-626.
Di2. Loeber, R., Lahey, B. B., & Thomas, C. (1991). The diagnostic conundrum of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 379-390.
Di3. Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Quay, H. C., Frick, P. J., & Grimm, J. (1992). Oppositional defiant and conduct disorders: Issues to be resolved for DSM-IV. Journal of the American of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 539-546. fulltext
Di4. Loeber, R., Keenan, K., Lahey, B. B., Green, S. M., & Thomas, C. (1993). Evidence for developmentally based diagnoses of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 377-410.
Di5. Russo, M., Loeber, R., & Lahey, B. B. & Keenan, K. (1994). Oppositional defiant and conduct disorders: Validation of the DSM-III-R and an alternative option. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 23, 56-68.
Di6. Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Hart, E. L., Frick, P. J., Applegate, B., Zhang, Q., Green, S. M. & Russo, M. F. (1995). Four Year Longitudinal Study of conduct disorder in boys: Patterns and predictors of persistence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 83-93.
Di7. Hart, E. L., Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Applegate, B., & Frick, P. J. (1995). Developmental change in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in boys: A four-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23, 729-749.
Di8. Loeber, R., Green, S. M., Keenan, K., & Lahey, B. B. (1995) Which boys will fare worse? Early predictors of the onset of conduct disorder in a six-year longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 499-509. fulltext
Di9. Loeber, R., Keenan, K., Russo, M. F., Green, S. M. & Lahey, B. B. & Thomas, C. (1998). Secondary data analyses for DSM-IV on the symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. In T. Widiger, A. Frances, H. A. Pincus, R. Ross, M. B. First, W. Davis, & M. Kline (Eds.), DSM-IV Sourcebook (Vol. 4, pp. 465-490). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. fulltext
Di10. Lahey, B. B., & Loeber, R. (1997). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Oppositional Disorder, Conduct Disorder, and Adult Antisocial Behavior: A life span perspective. In D. Stoff, J. Breiling, & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Handbook of antisocial behavior (pp. 51-59). New York: Wiley. fulltext
Di11. Loeber, R., Burke, J. D., Lahey, B. B., Winters, A., & Zera, M. (2000). Oppositional defiant and conduct disorder: A review of the past 10 years, Part I. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1468-1484. fulltext
Di12. Burke, J. D., Loeber, R., & Birmaher, B. (2002). Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: A review of the past 10 years, Part II. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 1275 - 1293. fulltext
Desistance
Des1. Stouthamer-Loeber, M, Wei, E, Loeber, R, & Masten, A.F. (2004). Desistance from persistent serious delinquency in the transition to adulthood. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 897-918.
FF1. Loeber, R., Weismann, W., & Reid, J. B. (1983). Family interactions of assaultive adolescents, stealers, and nondelinquents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 11, 1-14.
FF2. Patterson, G. R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1984). The correlation of family management practices and delinquency. Child Development, 55, 1299-1307. fulltext
FF3. Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1986). Family factors as correlates and predictors of juvenile conduct problems and delinquency. In N. Morris & M. Tonry (Eds.), Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research (Vol. 7). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
FF4. Loeber, R. (1987). What policy makers and practitioners can learn from family studies of juvenile conduct problems and delinquency. In J. Q. Wilson & G. C. Loury (Eds.), From Children to Citizens: Families, Schools, and Delinquency Prevention, pp. 87-111. New York: Springer-Verlag.
FF5. Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Loeber, R. (1988). Parents as intervention agents for conduct problem children and juvenile offenders. Journal of Child and Youth Services, 11, 127-148. fulltext
FF6. Christ, M. A. G., Lahey, B. B., Frick, P. J., Russo, M. F., McBurnett, K., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Green, S. M. (1990). Serious conduct problems in the children of adolescent mothers: Disentangling confounded correlations. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 58, 840-844.
FF7. Frick, P. J., Lahey, B. B., Christ, M. A., Loeber, R., & Green, S. M. (1991). History of childhood behavior problems in biological relatives of boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20, 445-451.
FF8. Frick, P. J., Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Christ, M. A. G., Hanson, K. (1992). Familial risk factors to Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder: Parental psychopathology and maternal parenting. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 49-55.
FF9. Green, S. M., Loeber, R., & Lahey, B. B. (1992). Child psychopathology and deviant family hierarchies. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 1, 341-349.
FF10. Gorman-Smith, D., Tolan, P. H., Loeber, R., & Henry, D. (1998), The relation of family problems to patterns of delinquency involvement among urban youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 319-333.
FF11. Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Drinkwater, M., & Loeber, R. (1999-2000). Family functioning profiles, early onset offending, and disadvantaged neighborhoods. International Journal of Child and Family Welfare, 4, 247-256. fulltext
FF12. Thornberry. T. P., Smith, C. A., Rivera, C., Huizinga, D., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (Sept., 1999). Family disruption and delinquency. OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin. fulltext
FF13. Wakschlag, L. S., Gordon, R. A., Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Green, S. M., & Leventhal, B. N. (2000). Maternal age at first birth and boys’ risk for Conduct Disorder. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 10, 417-441 fulltext
FF14. Loeber, R., Drinkwater, M., Yin, Y., Anderson, S. J., Schmidt, L. C., & Crawford, A. (2000). Stability of family interactions from ages 6 to 18. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 353-369.
FF15. Pfiffner, L. J., McBurnett, K., Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Green, S., Frick, P. J., & Rathouz, P. J. (1999). Association of parental psychopathology to the comorbid disorders of boys with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 881-893.
FF16. Farrington, D. P., Jolliffe, D., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Kalb, L. (2001). The concentration of offenders in families, and family criminality in the prediction of boys’ delinquency. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 579-596. fulltext
FF17. Hoeve, M., Smeenk, W., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., van der Laan, P., Gerris, J., & Dubas, J. S. (2004). Opvoeding en delinquent gedrag bij volwassenen mannen [Child rearing and delinquency by adult men]. Tijdschrift voor Criminologie, 46, 347-360. fulltext
FA1. Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Wei, E. (1998). The precursors of young fatherhood and its effect on the delinquency career of teenage males. Journal of Adolescent Health, 22, 56-65. fulltext
FA2. Thornberry, T. P., Wei, E. H., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Van Dyke, J. (Jan. 2000). Teenage fatherhood and delinquent behavior, OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin. fulltext
FA3. Wei, E. H., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2002). How many of the offspring born to teenage fathers are produced by repeat serious delinquents? Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 12, 83-98. fulltext
GA1. Lahey, B. B., Gordon, R. A., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Farrington, D. P. (1999). Boys who join gangs: A prospective study of predictors of gang entry. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27, 261-276.
GA2. Gordon, R. A., Lahey, B. B., Kawai, E., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Farrington, D. P. (2004). Antisocial behavior and youth gang membership: Selection and socialization. Criminology, 42, 55-87. fulltext
Gi1. Green, S. M., Russo, M. F., Navratil, J. L., & Loeber, R. (1999), Sexual and physical abuse among adolescent girls with disruptive behavior problems. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 8, 151-168.
Gi2. Keenan, K., Loeber, R., & Green, S. M. (1999). Conduct disorder in girls: A review of the literature. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2, 3-19. Republished in Literatuurselectie Kinderen en Adolescenten (Netherlands, 2001), 8, 257-287.
Gi3 Tiet, Q. Q., Wasserman, G. A., Loeber, R., McReynolds, L. S., & Miller, L. (2001). Developmental and sex differences in types of conduct problems. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 10, 181-197.
Gi4. Keenan, K., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Loeber, R. (2004). Developmental approaches to studying conduct problems in girls. In D. Pepler, C. Webster, & K. Levene (Eds.), Development and treatment of girlhood aggression (pp. 29-46). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Gi5. Hipwell, A., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Keenan, K., White, H. R., & Kroneman, L. (2002). Characteristics of girls with early onset disruptive and antisocial behaviour. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 12, 99-118. fulltext
Gi6. Kroneman, L., Loeber, R., and Hipwell, A. E. (2004). Is neighborhood context differently related to externalizing problems and delinquency for girls compared to boys? Clinical Child and Family Psychology, 7, 109-122.
Gi7. Pajer, K., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Gardner, W., & Loeber, R. (in press). Antisocial women: Help-seeking for emotional problems and long-term health. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health.
Gi8. Keenan, K., Hipwell, A.E., Duax, J., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Loeber, R. (2004). Phenomenology of depression in young girls. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 1098-1106. fulltext
Gi9. Gorman-Smith, D., & Loeber, R. (2005). Are developmental pathways in disruptive behaviors the same for girls and boys? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 14, 15-27.
Homicide
H1. Loeber, R., Homish, D.L., Wei, E.H., Pardini, D., Crawford, A.M., Farrington, D.P., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Creemers, J., Koehler, S.A., & Rosenfeld, R. (in press). The prediction of violence and homicide in young males. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology.
H2. Loeber, R., Lacourse, E., & Homish, D. L. (2005). Homicide, violence and developmental trajectories. In R. E. Tremblay, W. W. Hartup, & J. Archer (Eds.), Developmental origins of aggression (pp. 202-220). New York: Guilford. fulltext
L1. Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1986). Lying as a problem behavior: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 6, 267-289. fulltext
L2. Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Loeber, R. (1986). Boys who lie. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14, 551-564.
L3. Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1991). Young children's verbal misrepresentation of reality. In K. J. Rotenberg (Ed.), Children's interpersonal trust: Sensitivity to lying, deception and promise violation. (pp.20-42). New York: Springer.
M1. Loeber, R., & Van Allen, R. (1972). Work assessment of psychiatric patients: A critical review of published scales. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 4, 101-107. fulltext
M2. Loeber, R., & Waller, D. (1988). Artifacts in delinquency specialization and generalization studies. The British Journal of Criminology, 28, 462-478.
M3. Loeber, R., Green, S. M., Lahey, B. B., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1989). Optimal informants on childhood disruptive behaviors. Development and Psychopathology, 1, 317-337.
M4. Loeber, R., & Lahey, B. B. (1989). Recommendations for research on disruptive behavior disorders of childhood and adolescence. In B. B. Lahey & A. E. Kazdin (Eds.), Advances in Clinical Child Psychology (Vol. 12, pp. 221-251). New York: Plenum.
M5. Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Van Kammen, W. B., & Farrington, D. P. (1989). Development of a new measure of self-reported antisocial behavior for young children: Prevalence and reliability. In M. Klein (Ed.), Cross-national research in self-reported crime and delinquency (pp. 203-225). Boston: Kluwer-Nijhoff.
M6. Loeber, R., Green, S. M., & Lahey, B. B. (1990). Mental health professionals' perception of the utility of children, mothers, and teachers as informants on childhood psychopathology. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 136-143.
M7. Costello, E. J., Stouthamer-Loeber, M. & Loeber, R. (1991). Pervasive and situational hyperactivity - Confounding effect of informant. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 367-376.
M8. Green, S. M., Loeber, R., & Lahey, B. B. (1991). Stability of mothers' recall of the age at onset of their child's attention and hyperactivity problems. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 135-137. fulltext
M9. Loeber, R., Green, S., Lahey, B., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1991). Differences and similarities between children, mothers, and teachers as informants on disruptive child behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 19, 75-95.
M10. Russo, M. F., Lahey, B. B., Christ, M. A. G., Frick, P. J., McBurnett, K., Walker, P. J., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Green, S. (1991). Preliminary development of a sensation seeking scale for children. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 399-405. fulltext
M11. Lizotte, A. J., Chard-Wierschem, D. J., Loeber, R., & Stern, S. B. (1992). A shortened Child Behavior Checklist for delinquency studies. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 8, 233-245.
M12. Russo, M. F., Stokes, G. S., Lahey, B. B., Christ, M. A. G., McBurnett, K., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Green, S. M. (1993). A Sensation Seeking Scale for Children: Further refinement and psychometric development. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 15, 69-86.
M13. Hart, E. L., Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., & Hanson, K. S. (1994). Criterion validity of informants in the diagnosis of Disruptive Behavior Disorders in children: A preliminary study. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 62, 410-414.
M14. Farrington, D. P., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Van Kammen, W.B., & Schmidt, L. (1996). Self-reported delinquency and a combined delinquency seriousness scale based on boys, mothers, and teachers: Concurrent and predictive validity for African-Americans and Caucasians. Criminology, 34, 493-517. fulltext
M15. Messer, S. C., Angold, A., Loeber, R., Costello, E. J., Van Kammen, W. B., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1995). The development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents: Factor composition and structure across development. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 5, 251-262. fulltext
M16. Jacob, T., Moser, R. P., Windle, M., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2000). A new measure of parenting practices involving preadolescent and adolescent age children. Behavior Modification, 24, 611-634. fulltext
M17. Youngstrom, E., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2000). Patterns and correlates of agreement between parent, teacher, and male adolescent ratings of externalizing and internalizing problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 1038-1050.
M18. Raine, A., Dodge, K., Loeber, R., Gatzke-Kopp, L., Lynam, D., Reynolds, C., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Liu, J. (in press). The Reactive-Proactive Aggression (RPQ) Questionnaire: Differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggressive Behavior.
NF1. Loeber, R. & Wikström, P-O. (1993). Individual pathways to crime in different types of neighborhood. In D. P. Farrington, R. J. Sampson, and P-O. Wikström (Eds.), Integrating Individual and Ecological Aspects of Crime (pp. 169-204). Stockholm, Sweden: National Council for Crime Prevention.
NF2. Peeples, F. & Loeber, R. (1994). Do individual factors and neighborhood context explain ethnic differences in juvenile delinquency? Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 10, 141-157.
NF3. Wikström, P-O. (1998). Communities and crime. In M. Tonry (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of crime and punishment (pp. 269-301). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
NF4. Wikström, P-O., & Loeber, R. (2000). Do disadvantaged neighborhoods cause well-adjusted