Useful readings for the Program in Cognitive Affective Neuroscience

 

THE TECHNOLOGIES WE USE

Staistical and analytical considerations

Ratcliff  R (1993): Methods for dealing with reaction time outliers. Psychological Bulletin 114:510-532.

 

Psychophysiological Assessment

Tomarken, Andrew J. (1995). A Psychometric Perspective on Psychophysiological Measures. Psychological Assessment. 7(3):387-395.

 

fMRI basics, findings, & methods

Brown, G., Kinderman, S., Siegle, G. J., Granholm, E., Wong, E. C., Buxton, R. B. (1999). Brain activation and pupil response during covert performance of the Stroop color word task. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 5(4), 308-319.

Cohen, J.D., Perlstein, W. M., Braver, T. S., Nystrom, L. E., Noll, D. C., Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., (1997). Temporal dynamics of brain activation during a working memory task. Nature, 386, 604-608

Elliott, R., Dolan, R. J., Frith, C. D., (2000). Dissociable functions in the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex: Evidence from human neuroimaging studies. Cerebral Cortex, 10, 308-317.

Forman, S.D., Cohen, J.D., Fitzgerald, M., Eddy, W.F., Mintun, M.A., & Noll, D.C. (1995). Improved assessment of significant activation in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): Use of a cluster-size threshold. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 636-647.

Honeycutt N.A., Smith, P.D., Aylward E., et al. (1998). Mesial temporal lobe measurements on magnetic resonance imaging scans. Psychiatry Research.  83, 85-94. Guidelines available web as Honeycutt (1997):  http://pni.med.jhu.edu

MacDonald, A.W. 3rd; Cohen, J.D., Stenger V.A., & Carter, C.S. (2000). Dissociating the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in cognitive control. Science, 288, 1835-1838.

Maguire, E. A, & Mummery, C. J. (1999). Differential modulation of a common memory retrieval network revealed by positron emission tomography. Hippocampus, 9(1), 54-61.

Noll, D.C., et al., (1997). Estimating test-retest reliability in functional MR imaging. II: Application to motor and cognitive activation studies. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 38, 508-17.

Nystrom, L. E., Delgado, M. R., Sabb, F. W., Noll, D. C., Cohen, J. D. (1998). Dynamics of fMRI: Broca's area activation reflects independent effects of duration and intensity of working memory processes. NeuroImage, 7(4), S7.

Schneider, W, Casey B.J., Noll, D.C. (1994). Functional MRI mapping of stimulus rate effects across visual processing stages. Human Brain Mapping  1, 117-33.

Sheline, Y. I., Sanghavi, M., Mintun, M. A., Gado, M. H. (1999). Depression duration but not age predicts hippocampal volume loss in medically healthy women with recurrent major depression. Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 5034-5043.

Siegle, G. J., Steinhauer, S.R., Stenger, V.A., Konecky, R., Carter, C. S., (2003). Use of concurrent pupil dilation assessment to inform interpretation and analysis of fMRI data. Neuroimage, 20, 114-124.

Smith, J. A. L. (2000). An fMRI analysis of the central executive component of working memory. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.

Stenger, V.A., Boada, F.E., Noll, D.C. (2000). Three-dimensional tailored RF pulses for the reduction of susceptibility artifacts in T(*)(2)-weighted functional MRI. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 44, 525-31.

Woods, R., Cherry, S., & Mazzoitta, J. (1992). Rapid automated algorithm for aligning and reslicing PET images. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 16, 620--633.

Woods, R.P., Mazziotta, J.C., Cherry, S.R. (1993). MRI-PET registration with automated algorithm. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 17, 536-546.

 

Pupillometry basics, findings, & methods

Beatty, J. (1982a). Task-evoked pupillary responses, processing load, and the structure of processing resources.  Psychological Bulletin, 91, 276-292.

Beatty, J. (1982b). Phasic not tonic pupillary responses vary with auditory vigilance performance. Psychophysiology, 19, 167-172.

Beatty, J. (1986). The pupil system. In M. G. H. Coles et al. (Eds.), Psychophysiology: Systems, Processes, and Applications. New York: Guilford.

Granholm, E., Asarnow, R.F., Sarkin, A.J., & Dykes, K.L. (1996). Pupillary responses index cognitive resource limitations. Psychophysiology 33:457-461.

Hess, E. H. (1972). Pupillometrics: A method of studying mental, emotional, and sensory processes. In N. S. Greenfield & R. A. Sternbach (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (pp. 491-531). New York, N.Y.: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. 

Hess, E.H. & Polt, J.H. (1964). Pupil size in relation to mental activity during simple problem solving. Science,  143, 1190-1192.

Kahneman D, Beatty J (1966):  Pupil diameter and load on memory. Science 154:1583-1585.

Koikegami, H. & Yoshida, K. (1953). Pupillary dilation induced by stimulation of amygdaloid nuclei. Folia Pychiatrica Neurologica Japonica, 7, 109-125.

Siegle, G. J., Steinhauer, S.R., Stenger, V.A., Konecky, R., Carter, C. S., (2003). Use of concurrent pupil dilation assessment to inform interpretation and analysis of fMRI data. Neuroimage, 20, 114-124.

Siegle, G.J., Steinhauer, S.R., Thase, M.E. (in press). Pupillary Assessment and Computational Modeling of the Stroop Task in Depression. International Journal of Psychophysiology.

Steinhauer S.R. & Hakerem G. (1992): The pupillary response in cognitive psychophysiology and schizophrenia.  In D. Friedman & G. E. Bruder (Eds), Psychophysiology and Experimental Psychopathology: A Tribute to Samuel Sutton. (pp. 182-204). New York: New York Academy of Sciences.

Szabadi, E. & Bradshaw, C. M. (1996). Autonomic pharmacology of a2-adrenoceptors. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 10, S.3, 6-18.

 

Neural network models – General

Cohen, J. D., & Servan-Schreiber, D. (1992).  Introduction to neural network models in psychiatry, Psychiatric Annals. 22(3), 113-118.

McClelland, J. L. & Goddard, N. H. (1996). Considerations arising from a complementary learning systems perspective on hippocampus and neocortex. Hippocampus, 6, 654-665.

McClelland, J. L., McNaughton, B. L., & O'Reilly, R. C.  (1995). Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: Insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory. Psychological Review, 102, 419-437.

McClelland, J. L., Rumelhart, D. E., & Hinton, G. E. (1985). The appeal of parallel distributed processing. In J. L. McClelland, & D. E. Rumelhart (Eds.), Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition, (Vol 2)  (pp. 3-44). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Movellan, J. R., & McClelland, J. L. (2001). The Morton-Massaro law of information integration: implications for models of perception. Psychological Review. 108, 113-48.

Roberts, S. & Pashler, H. (2000). How persuasive is a good fit? A comment on theory testing. (2000). Psychological Review 107, 358-367.

Siegle, G. J. & Hasselmo, M. (in press). Using neural network models of psychopathology to inform assessment. Psychological Assessment.

Tryon, W. W. (1993). Neural networks: I. Theoretical unification through connectionism. Clinical Psychology Review, 13, 341-352.

 

 

SUBSTRATES OF THE RESEARCH

Mood and emotion - Neuroimaging

Anderson, A. K., Christoff, K., Stappen, I., Panitz, D., Ghahremani, D. G., Glover, G., et al. (2003). Dissociated neural representations of intensity and valence in human olfaction.[comment]. Nature Neuroscience, 6(2), 196-202.

Baker, S.C., Frith, C.D., Dolan, R.J. (1997). The interaction between mood and cognitive function studied with PET. Psychological Medicine, 27, 565-578.

Breiter, H.C., Etcoff , N.L., Whalen, P.J., Kennedy, W.A., Rauch, S.L., Buckner, R.L., Strauss, M.M., Hyman, S.E., Rosen, B.R. (1996). Response and habituation of the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expression. Neuron 17, 875-887.

Cacioppo, J. T., Gardner, W. L., Emotion. (1999). Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 191-214.

Cahill L., Haier R.J., Fallon J., Alkire M.T., Tang C., Keator D., Wu J., McGaugh J.L. (1996). Amygdala activity at encoding correlated with long-term, free recall of emotional information. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93, 8016-21.

Gemar M.C., Kapur, S., Segal, Z.V., Brown, G.M., & Houle, S. (1996). Effects of self-generated sad mood on regional cerebral activity: a PET study in normal subjects. Depression, 4, 81-8.

Lane R.D., Reiman, E.M., Ahern, G.L., Schwartz, G.E., & Davidson, R.J. (1997). Neuroanatomical correlates of happiness, sadness, and disgust. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 926–933.

Liotti, M., Mayberg, H.S., Brannan, S.K., McGinnis, S., Jerabek, P., Fox, P.T. (2000a). Differential limbic--cortical correlates of sadness and anxiety in healthy subjects: implications for affective disorders. Biological Psychiatry. 48, 30-42.

Morris, J. S., Frith, C. D. Perrett, D. I., Rowland, D., Young, A. W., Calder, A. J., Dolan, R. J. (1996). A differential neural response in the human amygdala to fearful and happy facial expressions. Nature, 383, 812-815,

Northoff, G., Richter, A., Gessner, M., Schlagenhauf, F., Fell, J., Baumgart, F., Kaulisch, T., Koetter, R., Stephan, K. E., Leschinger, A., Hagner, T., Bargel, B., Witzel, T., Hinrichs, H., Bogerts, B., Scheich, H., Heinze, H. (2000). Functional dissociation between medial and lateral prefrontal cortical spatiotemporal activation in negative and positive emotions: A combined fMRI/MEG study. Cerebral Cortex, 10, 93-107.

Paradiso, S., Johnson, D. L., Andreasen, N. C., O'Leary, D. S., Watkins, G. L., Boles Ponto, L. L., Hichwa, R. D. (1999). Cerebral Blood Flow Changes Associated With Attribution of Emotional Valence to Pleasant, Unpleasant, and Neutral Visual Stimuli in a PET Study of Normal Subjects. American. Journal of Psychiatry 156, 1618-1629.

Reiman, E.M., Lane, R.D., Ahern, G.L., Schwartz, G.E., Davidson, R.J., Friston K.J., Yun, L.S., Chen, K. (1997). Neuroanatomical correlates of externally and internally generated human emotion. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 918-925.

Schwartz, J. M. (1998). Neuroanatomical aspects of cognitive-behavioral therapy response in obsessive-compulsive disorder -- An evolving perspective on brain and behaviour. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 38-44.

Teasdale, J. D., Howard, R. J., Cox, S. G., Ha, Y., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S. C. R., & Checkley, S. A. (1999). Functional MRI study of the cognitive generation of affect. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 209-215.

Whalen, P.J., Rauch, S.L., Etcoff, N.L., McInerney, S.C., Lee, M.B., Jenike, M.A. (1998). Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge, Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 411-418.

 

Mood and emotion – information processing and basic neuroscience

Cuthbert, B. N., Schupp, H. T., Bradley, M. M., Birbaumer, N., & Lang, P. J. (2000). Brain potentials in affective picture processing: Covariation with autonomic arousal and affective report. Biological Psychology, 52, 95-111.

Metcalfe, J. & Mischel, W. (1999). A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: Dynamics of willpower. Psychological Review, 106, 3-19.

Miranda, J., Persons, J. B., & Byers, C. N. (1990). Endorsement of dysfunctional beliefs depends on current mood state. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 237-241.

Rolls, E. T. (2000). Memory systems in the brain. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 599-630.

Schwartz, R. M. & Garamoni, G. L. (1989). Cognitive balance and psychopathology: Evaluation of an information processing model of positive and negative states of mind. Clinical Psychology Review, 9, 271-294.

 

 

Psychopathology - General

American Psychiatric Association, (1994): Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

First, M.B., Spitzer, R.L., Gibbon, M. & Williams, J. B. W. (1996). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders - Patient Edition (SCID-I/P, Version 2.0). Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 72 W. 168th St, New York, NY, 10032.

Khilstrom, J. F. & Nasby, W. (1981). Cognitive tasks in clinical assessment: An exercise in applied psychology. In P.C. Kendall & S.D. Hollon (Eds). Assessment strategies for cognitive behavioral interventions. New York: Academic Press.

 

DEPRESSION

Depression - General

Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York: Hoeber.

Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition Manual. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation.

Coyne, J.C. (1994). Self-reported distress: Analog or ersatz depression? Psychological Bulletin, 116, 29-45.

Coyne, J.C. & Gotlib, I.H. (1983). The role of cognition in depression: A critical appraisal. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 472-505.

Greenberger, D. & Padesky, C. A. (1995). Mind Over Mood. New York: Guilford.

Williams, J.B. (1988). A structured interview guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 742-747.

 

Depression - Information Processing

Blaney, P. (1986). Affect and memory: A review.  Psychological Bulletin, 99, 229-246.

Bower, G. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36, 129--148.

Challis, B. H. & Krane, R. V. (1988). Mood induction and the priming of semantic memory in a lexical decision task: Asymmetric effects of elation and depression. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 26(4), 309-312.

Deveney, C. M., Deldin, P. J., Kim, A. S., Best, J. L. (1999). Memory processing biases in mood disorders: A slow wave ERP investigation. Presentation at the meeting of the Society for Physiological Research.

Fritz, H. L. (1999). Rumination and adjustment to a first coronary event. Psychosomatic Medicine. 61(1), 105.

Ingram, R. E. (1984). Toward an information processing analysis of depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 8, 443-478.

Ingram, R. E. (1990). Self-focused attention in clinical disorders: Review and a conceptual model, Psychological Bulletin, 107, 156-176.

Ingram, R. E. & Hollon, S. D. (1986). Cognitive therapy of depression from an information processing perspective. In R. Ingram (Ed.), Information processing approaches to clinical psychology (pp. 261-284). New York: Academic Press.

Ingram, R. E., Miranda, J., & Segal, Z. V. (1998). Cognitive vulnerability to depression. New York, NY: Guilford.

MacLeod, C. & Mathews, A.M. (1991). Cognitive-experimental approaches to the emotional disorders.  In: Martin PR editor, Handbook of Behavior Therapy and Psychological Science: An Integrative Approach, 164: New York: Pergamon Press, pp. 116-150.

Macleod, C., Mathews, A. M., & Tata, P. (1986). Attentional bias in emotional disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95(1), 15-20.

Matt, G., Vazquez, C., & Campbell, W. (1992).  Mood-congruent recall of affectively toned stimuli: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 12, 227-255.

Matthews, G. & Southall, A. (1991). Depression and the processing of emotional stimuli: A study of semantic priming. Cognitive Therapy and Research 15, 283-302. 

Ottowitz, W. E.,  Dougherty, D. D., Savage, C. R. (2002). The Neural Network Basis for Abnormalities of Attention and Executive Function in Major Depressive Disorder: Implications for Application of the Medical Disease Model to Psychiatric Disorders. Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 10, 86-99.

Segal, Z.V., Gemar, M., Truchon, C., Guirguis, M,  Horowitz, L.M. (1995). A priming methodology for studying self-representation in major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 104, 205-213. 

Siegle G.J. (1999a). Cognitive and Physiological Aspects of Attention to Personally Relevant Negative Information in Depression. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. San Diego State Univeristy, University of California, San Diego. This document is also available on the World Wide Web at www.sci.sdsu.edu/CAL/greg/dissert/.

Siegle, G. J., Steinhauer, S.R., Carter, C. S., Thase, M.E. (in press). Do the seconds turn into hours? Relationships between sustained pupil dilation in response to emotional information and self-reported rumination. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 365-383.

Siegle, G.J., Steinhauer, S.R., Thase, M.E. (in press). Pupillary Assessment and Computational Modeling of the Stroop Task in Depression. International Journal of Psychophysiology.

Siegle, G. J., Ingram, R. E., & Matt, G. E. (2002). Affective interference: An explanation for negative  information processing biases in dysphoria? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 73-88.

Siegle, G. J., Granholm, E., Ingram R. E., Matt, G. E. (2001). Pupillary response and reaction time measures of sustained processing of negative information in depression. Biological Psychiatry, 49, 624-636.

Teasdale, J. D. (1983). Negative thinking in depression: Cause, effect, or reciprocal relationship? Advances in Behavior Research and Therapy, 5, 3-25.

Teasdale, J. D. (1988). Cognitive vulnerability to persistent depression. Cognition and Emotion, 2, 247-274.

Williams, J. M. G., Mathews, A., MacLeod, C. (1996). The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin 120:3-24.

 

Depression - Neuroimaging

Abercrombie, H. C., Schaefer, S. M., Larson, C. L., Oakes, T. R., Lindgren, K. A., Holden, J. E., Perlman, S. B., Turski, P. A., Krahn, D. D., Benca, R. M., Davidson, R. J. (1998).Metabolic rate in the right amygdala predicts negative affect in depressed patients. Neuroreport, 9, 3301-3307.

Beauregard, M., Leroux, J. M., Bergman, S., Arzoumanian, Y., Beaudoin, G., Bourgouin, P., et al. (1998). The functional neuroanatomy of major depression: an fMRI study using an emotional activation paradigm. Neuroreport, 9(14), 3253-3258.

Bench, C. J., Friston, K. J., Brown, R. G., Frackowiak, R. S. & Dolan, R. J. (1993). Regional cerebral blood flow in depression measured by positron emission tomography: the relationship with clinical dimensions. Psychological Medicine 23, 579-590.

Davidson, R. J. (1994). Assymetric brain function, affective style, and psychopathology: The role of early experience and placticity, Development and psychopathology, 6, 741-758.

Davidson, R. J. (1998). Affective style and affective disorders: Perspectives from affective neuroscience. Cognition & Emotion. 12(3), 307-330

Davidson, R. J. (2000). Affective style, psychopathology, and resilience: Brain mechanisms and plasticity. American Psychologist, 55, 1196-1214.

Dougherty D., Rauch S.L. (1997).  Neuroimaging and neurobiological models of depression. Harvard Review of Psychiatry  5, 138-159.

Drevets, W. C. (1999). Prefrontal cortical-amygdalar metabolism in major depression. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 877,  614-637.

Drevets, W. C. & Raichle, M. (1998). Reciprocal suppression of regional cerebral blood flow during emotional versus higher cognitive processes: Implications for interactions between emotion and cognition. Cognition & Emotion, 12, 353-385.

Drevets, W. C., Videen, T. O., Price, J. L., Preskorn, S. H., Carmichael, S. T. & Raichle, M. E. (1992). A functional anatomical study of unipolar depression. Journal of Neuroscience 12, 3628-3641

Markowitsch, H. J. (1999). Neuroimaging and mechanisms of brain function in psychiatric disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 12, 331-337.

Mayberg, H.  S. (1997). Limbic-Cortical Dysregulation: A proposed model of depression. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 9, 471-481.

Mayberg, H. S., Brannan, S. K., Roderick, K. M., Jerabek, P. A., Brickman, J. S., Tekell, J. L., Silva, A., McGinnis, S., Glass, T. G., Martin, C. C., & Fox, P. T. (1997). Cingulate function in depression: A potential predictor of treatment response. NeuroReport, 8, 1057-1061.

Mayberg, H. S., Liotti, M., Brannan, S. K., McGinnis, B. S., Mahurin, R. K., Jerabek, P. A., Silva, J. A., Janet, L. T., Martin, C. C., Lancaster, J. L., Fox, P. T. (1999). Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: Converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 675-682.

Sheline, Y. I., Sanghavi, M., Mintun, M. A., Gado, M. H. (1999). Depression duration but not age predicts hippocampal volume loss in medically healthy women with recurrent major depression. Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 5034-5043.

Siegle, G. J., Steinhauer, S.R., Thase, M.E., Stenger, V.A., Carter, C. S., (2002). Can’t Shake that Feeling: fMRI Assessment of Sustained Amygdala Activity in Response to Emotional Information in Depressed Individuals. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 693-707.

 

Depression - Non-imaging Neuroscience

LeDoux, J. (1996). The emotional brain. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Tucker, D. M. & Derryberry, D. (1992). Motivated attention: Anxiety and the frontal executive functions.  Neuropsychiatry, neuropsychology, and behavioral neurology, 5, 233-252.

 

Depression  - Neural network models

Luciano, J. S. (1996). Neural network modeling of unipolar depression: Patterns of recovery and prediction of outcome. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Boston, MA.

Matthews, G. & Harley, T. A. (1996). Connectionist models of emotional distress and attentional bias. Cognition and Emotion, 10, 561-600.

Siegle G.J. (1999a). Cognitive and Physiological Aspects of Attention to Personally Relevant Negative Information in Depression. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. San Diego State Univeristy, University of California, San Diego. This document is also available on the World Wide Web at www.sci.sdsu.edu/CAL/greg/dissert/.

Siegle, G. J. (1999b). A neural network model of attention biases in depression.  In J.A. Reggia, E. Ruppin, D. L. Glanzman (Eds.), Disorders of brain, behavior, and cognition: The neurocomputational perspective. (pp. 415-441). NJ: Elsevier.

Siegle, G. J. (in press). Connectionist models of psychopathology: Crossroads of the cognitive and affective neuroscience of disorder.  Cognitive Processing.

Siegle, G. J. & Hasselmo, M. E. (2002). Using connectionist models to guide assessment of  psychological disorder. Psychological Assessment, 14, 263-278.

Siegle, G.J., Steinhauer, S.R., Thase, M.E. (in press). Pupillary Assessment and Computational Modeling of the Stroop Task in Depression. International Journal of Psychophysiology.

 

Depression – Rumination

Just, N. & Alloy, L. B. (1997). The response styles theory of depression: Tests and an extension of the theory. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 221-229.

Nolen-Hoeksema, S.  Morrow, J. & Fredrickson, B. L. (1993). Response styles and the duration of episodes of depressed mood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 20-28.

Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1998). Ruminative coping with depression. In J. Heckhausen, & C. S. Dweck (Eds)., Motivation and self-regulation across the life span. (pp. 237-256). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Papageorgiou, C. & Wells, A. (1999). Process and Meta-Cognitive Dimensions of Depressive and Anxious Thoughts and Relationships with Emotional Intensity. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 6, 152-162.

Philippot, P. & Rime, B. (1998). Social and cognitive processing in emotion: A heuristic for psychopathology. in W. F. Flack and J. D. Laird, Emotions in Psychopathology. (pp. 114-130). New York: Oxford University Press.

Siegle, G. J., Sagratti, S., & Crawford, C. (1999). Effects of rumination and initial severity on response to cognitive therapy for depression. Meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy. Toronto, ON.